MAAP code analysis focusing on the fuel debris conditions in the lower head of the pressure vessel in Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Unit 3

佐藤 一憲; 吉川 信治; 山下 拓哉; 下村 健太; Cibula, M.*; 溝上 伸也*

Nuclear Engineering and Design, 414, p.112574_1 - 112574_20, 2023/12

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2023.112574

Based on the updated knowledge from plant-internal investigations, experiments and computer-model simulations until now, the in-vessel phase of Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Unit 3 was analyzed using the MAAP code. In Unit 3, it is considered that ca. 40 percent of UO fuel was molten when core materials relocated to the lower plenum of the reactor pressure vessel. Initially relocated molten materials would have been fragmented by mixing with liquid water, while solid materials would have relocated later on. With this two-step relocation, debris in the lower plenum seems to have been permeable for coolant, thus debris seems to have been once cooled down effectively. Although the present MAAP analysis seems to slightly underestimate core-material oxidation during the relocation period, this probable underestimation was compensated for by an existing study that was considered more reliable, so that more realistic debris conditions in the lower plenum could be obtained. Probable debris reheat-up behavior was evaluated based on interpretation of the pressure data. This evaluation predicted that the fuel debris in the lower plenum was basically in solid-phase at the time when it relocated to the pedestal. With this study, basic validity of the former prediction of the Unit 3 accident progression behavior was confirmed, and detailed boundary conditions for future studies addressing the later phases were provided.

Revaporization behavior of cesium and iodine compounds from their deposits in the steam-boron atmosphere

Rizaal, M.; 三輪 周平; 鈴木 恵理子; 井元 純平; 逢坂 正彦; Goullo, M.*

ACS Omega (Internet), 6(48), p.32695 - 32708, 2021/12

https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04441

This paper presents our investigation on cesium and iodine compounds revaporization from cesium iodide (CsI) deposits on the surface of stainless steel type 304L, which were initiated by boron and/or steam flow. A dedicated basic experimental facility with a thermal gradient tube (TGT) was used for simulating the phenomena. The number of deposits, the formed chemical compounds, and elemental distribution were analyzed from samples located at temperature range 1000-400 K. In the absence of boron in the gas flow, it was found that the initial deposited CsI at 850 K could be directly re-vaporized as CsI vapor/aerosol or reacted with the carrier gas and stainless steel (CrO layer) to form CsCrO on the former deposited surface. The latter mechanism consequently gave a release of gaseous iodine that was accumulated downstream. After introducing boron to the steam flow, a severe revaporization of iodine deposit at 850 K occurred (more than 70% initial deposit). This was found as a result of the formation of two kinds of cesium borates (CsBO5HO and CsBO4HO) which contributed to a large release of gaseous iodine that was capable of reaching outlet of TGT ( 400 K). In the case of nuclear severe accident, our study have demonstrated that gaseous iodine could be expected to increase in the colder region of a reactor after late release of boron or a subsequent steam flow after refloods of the reactor, thus posing its near-term risk once leaked to the environment.

Development of ex-vessel phenomena analysis model for multi-scenario simulation system, spectra

内堀 昭寛; 青柳 光裕; 高田 孝; 大島 宏之

Proceedings of 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE 2020) (Internet), 7 Pages, 2020/08

https://doi.org/10.1115/ICONE2020-16818

ナトリウム(Na)冷却高速炉のシビアアクシデント時炉内/炉外事象を一貫して評価するマルチシナリオシミュレーションシステムSPECTRAを新たに開発した。本件では、炉外側の質点系圧縮性気相挙動解析モジュール及びNa-コンクリート相互作用モジュールの妥当性を基礎的な解析から個別に確認し、さらに原子炉容器及び1次冷却系配管からのナトリウム漏えいを想定とした解析を実施し、炉外側モジュール全体としての妥当性を確認した。

Creep deformation analysis of a pipe specimen based on creep damage evaluation method

勝山 仁哉; 山口 義仁; Li, Y.

Proceedings of 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE-26) (Internet), 6 Pages, 2018/07

過酷な条件下における原子炉機器の破損挙動を評価するための手法の整備が重要となっている。我々は、有限要素法を用いて、高温下における機器のクリープ変形及び損傷挙動を評価するための手法の整備を進めている。本研究では、COSSALベンチマーク解析の一環として、我々が整備したクリープ損傷評価手法の検証を行うことを目的に、大型管状試験体に対する損傷評価を行った。その結果、材料の損傷を考慮したクリープ構成則が最も精度がよいことなどを示した。

Application of Bayesian approaches to nuclear reactor severe accident analysis

Zheng, X.; 玉置 等史; 塩津 弘之; 杉山 智之; 丸山 結

Proceedings of Asian Symposium on Risk Assessment and Management 2017 (ASRAM 2017) (USB Flash Drive), 11 Pages, 2017/11

Nuclear reactor severe accident simulation involves uncertainties, which may result from incompleteness of modeling of accident scenarios, selection of alternative models and unrealistic setting of parameters during the numerical simulation, etc. Both deterministic and probabilistic methods are required to reach reasonable estimation of risk for severe accidents. Computational codes are widely used for the deterministic accident simulations. Bayesian approaches, including both parametric and nonparametric, are applied to the simulation-based severe accident researches at Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). In the paper, an overview of these research activities is introduced: (1) Dirichlet process models, a nonparametric Bayesian approach, are applied to source term uncertainty and sensitivity analyses; (2) Gaussian process models are applied to the optimization for operations of severe accident countermeasures; (3) Nonparametric models, include models based on Dirichlet process and K-nearest neighbors algorithm, are built to predict the chemical forms of fission products. Simplified models are integrated into the integral severe accident code, THALES2/KICHE; (4) We have also launched the research of dynamic probabilistic risk assessment (DPRA), and because a great number of accident scenarios will be generated during DPRA, Bayesian approaches would be useful for the boosting of computational efficiency.

Application of Bayesian nonparametric models to the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of source term in a BWR severe accident

Zheng, X.; 伊藤 裕人; 川口 賢司; 玉置 等史; 丸山 結

Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 138, p.253 - 262, 2015/06

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2015.02.004

An important issue for nuclear severe accident is the source tern uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Generally, thousands of cases are needed to reach a stable result of sensitivity analysis. Based on the limited data obtained by MELCOR analysis, in which the accident at Unit 2 of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is used as an example, an approximate stochastic model has been constructed via Bayesian nonparametrics, specifically, the Dirichlet process. The advantage of a nonparametric model is that any deterministic function between explanatory and response variables is not necessary to be determined. The complexity of model will grow automatically as more actual data is observed. The approximate model saves the computational cost and makes it possible to complement thousands of Monte Carlo computation for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Probability density functions of uncertainty analysis by MELCOR and the approximate model are obtained and compared. Two densities show great accordance that proves the good predictive ability of the stochastic model. The appropriateness of the approximate model is further validated by the cross-validation through the comparison with actual MELCOR results. Global sensitivity analysis by Sobol' sensitivity index has been performed with the approximate model. Three input parameters are ranked according to their respective influences on the output uncertainty based on first-order and total effect.

シビアアクシデントの伝熱流動現象における素過程に関する研究; 粒子法を用いた蒸気爆発素過程の数値シミュレーション, 原子力基礎研究 H10-027-5 (委託研究)

越塚 誠一*; 池田 博和*; Liu, J.*; 岡 芳明*

JAERI-Tech 2002-013, 60 Pages, 2002/03

JAERI-Tech-2002-013.pdf:3.16MB

原子炉のシビアアクシデントにおいて、高温の溶融炉心が低温の冷却水と接触すると蒸気爆発を生じる可能性がある。そこで、蒸気爆発素過程の解明のため、溶融液滴を包む蒸気膜の崩壊時を模擬し、溶融すずの単一液滴に周囲から水ジェットが衝突する体系で粒子法による3次元シミュレーションを行った。シミュレーション結果では、溶融物がフィラメント状に液滴から飛び出してくる様子が捉えられた。これはCiccarelli-FrostのX線高速写真と非常によく一致している。ただし、X線写真に見られるような急激な細粒化が生じるためには、液滴接触時に自発核生成による高速沸騰が必要である。溶融炉心液滴の場合には、水ジェットが溶融液滴に接触する際に界面温度は溶融物の凝固点以下になるので、急激な細粒化は生じにくく、従って大規模な蒸気爆発も発生しにくいと考えられる。次に、蒸気爆発の圧力波伝播過程の1次元解析コードを開発した。熱的細粒化には液液接触時の自発核生成のモデルを採用した。本コードを用いて蒸気爆発における圧力波伝播の1次元テスト計算を行い、従来のコードによる計算結果とよく一致した。

High temperature interaction between zircaloy-4 and stainless steel type 304

永瀬 文久; 大友 隆; 上塚 寛

JAERI-Research 2001-009, 21 Pages, 2001/03

JAERI-Research-2001-009.pdf:2.93MB

軽水炉におけるシビアアクシデント時の燃料集合体溶融進展過程に関する基礎的な知見を取得するために、1273~1573Kの温度範囲でジルカロイ-4とステンレス304鋼間の化学的な相互作用を調べた。接触界面に反応層が形成され、温度上昇及び時間の経過とともに成長した。SEM/EDX分析により、反応の主過程はZrリッチの共晶の生成であることが示された。材料の肉厚減少に関する反応速度を評価し、反応が一般に2乗則に従うことを明らかにした。各試験温度について反応速度定数を決定し、アレニウスタイプの反応速度式を求めた。

Single U-tube Testing and RELAP5 code analysis of PCCS with horizontal heat exchanger

中村 秀夫; 近藤 昌也; 浅香 英明; 安濃田 良成; 田畑 広明*; 小幡 宏幸*

Proceedings of 2nd Japan-Korea Symposium on Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics and Safety (NTHAS-2), p.336 - 343, 2000/00

横型熱交換器を用いた静的格納容器冷却系(PCCS)の性能評価に必要なデータを得るため、単一の水平U字管を用いた管内凝縮伝熱の基礎試験を(株)日本原子力発電との研究協力で行った。口径32mm、伝熱長8mの試験体を用いた基準流動条件(圧力: 7気圧、入口蒸気流量: 1%崩壊熱出力相当、非凝縮性ガス分圧: 1%)での試験等から、高いガス分圧(20%)でも良好な除熱性能が得られることや圧力損失、排気、排水の各特性でも良好な結果を得て、横型熱交換器のPCCSへの適用性を確認した。RELAP5/MOD3コードを用いた実験後解析では、オリジナルコードが凝縮伝熱を過小評価したため、基礎伝熱試験をもとに選定した凝縮伝熱やガスによる伝熱劣化のモデル群を組み込むとともに、凝縮終了後の伝熱管内ガス停滞挙動を表現するノード法の考案等で、実験を良好に予測するコード改良ができた。今後、計画中の多次元流動に着目した大型モデル試験の解析を行うとともに、実機での各種過渡におけるPCCS挙動を予測・評価する。

Proceedings of the OECD/CSNI Specialists Meeting on Fuel-coolant Interactions, May 1921, 1997, Tokai-mura, Japan

秋山 守*; 山野 憲洋; 杉本 純

JAERI-Conf 97-011, 829 Pages, 1998/01

JAERI-Conf-97-011.pdf:38.05MB

1997年5月19日から21日にかけて、原研東海研において、OECD/CSNI主催の水蒸気爆発専門家会合が開催された。この専門家会合には13ヵ国1国際機関からの31名を含む80名の参加があった。会合では、原子炉への適用、粗混合、伝播/トリガー、実験、解析コード/モデルの6セッションにおいて36件の論文が発表され、活発な討論が行われた。最後に、(1)格納容器のモード破損はリスクの観点からは無視可能、(2)前回のサンタバーバラ会合(1993年)以後顕著な進展、(3)今後明らかにすべき研究課題を同定、(4)問題解決促進のため研究グループ間の公開の情報交換を推奨、(5)次回専門家会合を今後3~5年の間に開催することを推奨、を骨子とする会合概要と推薦をとりまとめた。